%PDF-1.1 % 1 0 obj << /CreationDate (D:191050712142644) /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 3.0 for Windows) /Subject () /Keywords () /Author () /Creator (Adobe PageMaker 6.5) /Title (132) >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Length 5074 >> stream BT /F6 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 315 669.84 Tm 0 0 0 rg BX /GS2 gs EX 0.028 Tc (Williams)Tj /F7 1 Tf 3.777 0 TD (,)Tj /F6 1 Tf 1.276 0 TD 0.026 Tc [(JAAVSO)-264(Volume)-265(29,)-252(2001)]TJ -23.053 0 TD 0.077 Tc (132)Tj /F9 1 Tf 0 -5.015 TD 0.001 Tc 0.039 Tw (Thomas R. Williams)Tj /F7 1 Tf 0 -1.023 TD 0 Tc 0.105 Tw (1750 Albans Road)Tj T* 0.042 Tw (Houston, Texas 77005-1704)Tj /F6 1 Tf 0 -2.046 TD 0.174 Tw (Presented at the 88th Annual Meeting of the AAVSO, October 30, 1999; revised)Tj 0 -1.023 TD 0.001 Tc 0.223 Tw (March 20, 2001)Tj /F9 1 Tf 0 -2.034 TD -0.001 Tc (Abstract)Tj /F7 1 Tf 2.375 -2.046 TD 0 Tc 0.158 Tw (A review of the history of the American Association of Variable Star)Tj 0 -1.023 TD 0.084 Tw [(Observers )6(\(AA)128(VSO\) reveals that its development in the first half of the)]TJ T* 0.002 Tc 0.252 Tw (twentieth century requires reconsideration in two important respects.)Tj 0 -1.011 TD 0 Tc 0.171 Tw (This first part of a two-part paper deals with one historical issue, the)Tj 0 -1.023 TD 0.148 Tw (founding of the association and its operation during its first six years,)Tj T* 0.241 Tw (including the role played by Edward Charles Pickering and Harvard)Tj T* 0.06 Tw (College Observatory, and recognizes that William Tyler Olcott played a)Tj T* 0.167 Tw (more prominent role than has previously been acknowledged.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -2.375 -2.034 TD -0.009 Tc [(1.)-249(Introduction)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 1.655 -2.046 TD 0 Tc 0.108 Tw [(The A)-13(A)78(VSO will celebrate its centennial in just ten years. Therefore, it seems)]TJ -1.655 -1.023 TD -0.036 Tw (appropriate to reconsider its written history, with the intent of clarifying its past where)Tj T* 0.035 Tw (more is now known about that history, and to situate that history more clearly in the)Tj T* 0.133 Tw [(context of the broader history of astronomy. The history of the AA)78(VSO has been)]TJ 0 -1.011 TD 0.01 Tw (restated periodically since only a few years after its foundation. Though not intended)Tj 0 -1.023 TD 0.011 Tw [(explicitly as a \223history,\224 the first attempt to describe the origins of the AA)78(VSO came)]TJ T* -0.006 Tw (in a 1920 memorial to Harvard College Observatory \(HCO\) Director Edward Charles)Tj T* 0.077 Tw [(Pickering \(1846\2261919\) \(A)-13(A)90(VSO 1920\). Harvard\222s Pickering Memorial Astronomer)]TJ T* 0.005 Tw [(and )6(AA)116(VSO Recorder Leon Campbell \(1881\2261951\) recited the history in more detail)]TJ T* -0.022 Tw [(in 1931 as part of the twentieth anniversary of the founding of the AA)90(VSO \(Campbell)]TJ 0 -1.011 TD -0.108 Tw (1931\). William Tyler Olcott \(1873\2261936\) drafted a longer history in 1936, summarizing)Tj 0 -1.023 TD 0.174 Tw (the first twenty-five years of the association\222s history from his perspective as its)Tj T* 0.051 Tw (founding secretary \(Olcott 1937\). In an unpublished history prepared in 1951, when)Tj T* 0.006 Tw [(David B. Rosebrugh and Clinton B. Ford recorded the A)-13(A)90(VSO history for the period)]TJ T* 0.117 Tw (from 1936 to 1951, they included Campbell\222s recollections of his earliest years of)Tj T* 0.049 Tw [(association with the AA)40(VSO, although Campbell\222s letter was from an earlier period)]TJ 0 -1.011 TD 0.001 Tc 0.087 Tw (than that they intended to historicize \(Rosebrugh and Ford 1951?\). Newton Mayall)Tj 0 -1.023 TD 0 Tc 0.005 Tw [(and Janet Mattei published later versions of the AA)40(VSO history, in each case relying)]TJ T* 0.171 Tw (on the previously published versions of that history with necessary extensions to)Tj T* 0.001 Tc 0.111 Tw (bring the story chronologically up to date. Mayall\222s 1961 history, published a few)Tj T* 0.003 Tc 0.253 Tw [(years after the AA)68(VSO\222s traumatic move away from Harvard, may have been)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.198 Tw (prompted by the need for publicity and fund-raising during those troubled years)Tj 0 -1.011 TD 0.001 Tc 0.223 Tw (\(Mayall 1961\). Mattei\222s history, on the other hand, celebrated two joyous 1986)Tj 0 -1.023 TD 0.016 Tc 0.253 Tw (events\227the association\222s seventy-fifth anniversary, and the dedication of the)Tj T* 0 Tc -0.014 Tw [(Clinton B. Ford Astronomical Data and Research Center as the AA)78(VSO\222s permanent)]TJ T* 0.172 Tw (headquarters building \(Mattei 1986\).)Tj 1.655 -1.023 TD 0.019 Tw (Each new version of the published history added the developments that occurred)Tj -1.655 -1.023 TD 0.222 Tw (since the time of the last previous recounting. Generally speaking, however, all)Tj 0 -1.011 TD -0.036 Tw (published histories have emphasized a role for Pickering as the founder who exercised)Tj 0 -1.023 TD -0.046 Tw [(paternalistic oversight of the AA)40(VSO. While Olcott is credited with the administrative)]TJ T* 0.076 Tw (effort required to get the organization started in these histories, his effort is usually)Tj /F9 1 Tf 0 53.091 TD 0.03 Tc 0.252 Tw [(RECONSIDERING THE HISTORY OF THE A)-8(A)120(VSO\227PART 1)]TJ ET endstream endobj 4 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F6 5 0 R /F7 6 0 R /F9 7 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 8 0 R >> >> endobj 11 0 obj << /Length 5596 >> stream BT /F6 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 144 669.96 Tm 0 0 0 rg BX /GS2 gs EX -0.003 Tc [(Williams,)-1011(JAAVSO)-243(Volume)-267(29,)-243(2001)]TJ 9.5 0 0 9.5 452.28 669.84 Tm 0.077 Tc (133)Tj /F7 1 Tf -32.451 -2.981 TD 0 Tc 0.117 Tw (portrayed as standing in the shadow of Pickering. Furthermore, in some ways, the)Tj 0 -1.023 TD 0.092 Tw (record has been clouded with an implied shifting of the role of recording secretary)Tj 0 -1.011 TD 0.071 Tw (from Olcott to Leon Campbell at a far earlier date than appears justified, as will be)Tj 0 -1.023 TD 0.001 Tc 0.103 Tw (shown in this work.)Tj 1.655 -1.023 TD 0 Tc 0.101 Tw (Resources that may not have been available to earlier writers can cast light on)Tj -1.655 -1.023 TD 0.004 Tc 0.252 Tw (previously described matters and reveal new considerations of importance. For)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.149 Tw (example, in addition to the Rosebrugh/Ford manuscript, a file of Pickering/Olcott)Tj T* 0.002 Tc 0.252 Tw [(correspondence that has never been cited exists in the AA)42(VSO archives. With)]TJ 0 -1.011 TD 0 Tc 0.105 Tw (correspondence from the Harvard University Archives, these files make it possible)Tj 0 -1.023 TD 0.204 Tw [(to consider the earliest years of the AA)40(VSO\222s history in greater detail than has)]TJ T* 0.205 Tw (previously been attempted. This paper focuses on the circumstances surrounding)Tj T* 0.191 Tw [(the AA)53(VSO\222s founding and the six-year period between that foundation and the)]TJ T* 0.081 Tw [(AA)40(VSO\222s incorporation. It will demonstrate that Olcott deserves much more credit)]TJ T* -0.004 Tw (than he has typically been accorded in extant histories; that Pickering held Olcott and)Tj 0 -1.011 TD 0.084 Tw [(his AA)40(VSO at arm\222s length for the first five years of the AA)40(VSO\222s existence; that)]TJ 0 -1.023 TD 0.07 Tw [(Harvard College Observatory only became deeply involved in AA)40(VSO activities in)]TJ T* 0.006 Tw (1917, after Campbell\222s return from Peru, and clarify the role that Campbell played in)Tj T* 0.107 Tw [(the early AA)53(VSO history.)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 -2.046 TD -0.001 Tc [(2)-9(.)-254(Organizing American amateur astronomers)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 1.655 -2.034 TD 0 Tc 0.177 Tw (American astronomers, both amateur and professional, attempted sporadically)Tj -1.655 -1.023 TD 0.067 Tw (to organize during the second half of the nineteenth century but it was not until the)Tj T* -0.012 Tw (end of the century that they were successful. In 1899 professional astronomers finally)Tj T* 0.003 Tc 0.253 Tw (organized as the Astronomical and Astrophysical Society of America \(AASA\),)Tj T* 0.004 Tc (predecessor to the American Astronomical Society \(Berendzen 1974\). Amateur)Tj 0 -1.011 TD -0.001 Tc -0.01 Tw (astronomers were welcomed to AASA membership, \(Rothenberg and Williams 1999,)Tj 0 -1.023 TD 0 Tc 0.014 Tw (43\) though eventually it was recognized that some alternate organization for amateur)Tj T* 0.022 Tw (astronomers might be desirable. One of the possible models for such an organization)Tj T* 0.189 Tw (was the British Astronomical Association \(BAA\) that carried out scientific work)Tj T* 0.013 Tc 0.252 Tw (through observing sections devoted to specific topics, )Tj /F6 1 Tf 24.189 0 TD 0.011 Tc (e.g.)Tj /F7 1 Tf 1.503 0 TD 0.253 Tw [( the moon, various)]TJ -25.693 -1.023 TD 0 Tc 0.229 Tw (planets, meteors, and variable stars \(McKim 1989\). During this period, amateur)Tj 0 -1.011 TD 0.099 Tw (astronomers in the United States were actively involved in variable star astronomy)Tj 0 -1.023 TD -0.07 Tw (\(Saladyga 1999\) but there was no formal organization similar to the BAA Variable Star)Tj T* 0.007 Tc 0.252 Tw (Section to encourage their work. Instead, these amateurs, together with a few)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.064 Tw (professionals, constituted a loose corps of observers coordinated by E. C. Pickering)Tj T* 0.161 Tw (and the Harvard College Observatory staff.)Tj 0 -2.034 TD 0.087 Tw (2.1 The Society for Practical Astronomy \(SPA\))Tj 1.655 -1.023 TD 0.186 Tw (The Society for Practical Astronomy \(SPA\), founded in Chicago in 1909 by)Tj -1.655 -1.023 TD 0.084 Tw (teenagers Frederick Charles Leonard and Horace C. Levinson, developed along the)Tj T* 0.008 Tc 0.253 Tw (same organizational lines as the BAA with guidance from a few professional)Tj T* 0.002 Tc 0.252 Tw (astronomers. At nearly the same time, however, other professional astronomers)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.177 Tw (stimulated the organization of two competing national associations of specialized)Tj 0 -1.011 TD 0.08 Tw [(amateur observers, the American Association of Variable Star Observers \(A)13(A)78(VSO\))]TJ 0 -1.023 TD 0.051 Tw [(and the American Meteor Society \(AMS\). Only the AA)53(VSO and the AMS survived)]TJ T* 0.048 Tw (in the era after World War I. There was, however, a surprising relationship between)Tj T* 0.031 Tw [(the SPA and the AA)53(VSO, one that it appears may have played a part in the eventual)]TJ T* 0.084 Tw (demise of the SPA.)Tj 1.655 -1.023 TD -0.018 Tw (Frederick Leonard was probably the main instigator of the SPA; their journal was)Tj -1.655 -1.011 TD 0.071 Tw (originally titled )Tj /F6 1 Tf 6.594 0 TD (The Monthly Register of the Leonard Observatory)Tj /F7 1 Tf 20.501 0 TD 0.074 Tw (. The typewritten)Tj -27.095 -1.023 TD 0.026 Tw (journal was not very widely distributed but the organization grew slowly as Leonard)Tj T* 0.003 Tc 0.253 Tw (recruited members through personal correspondence.)Tj ET endstream endobj 12 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F6 5 0 R /F7 6 0 R /F9 7 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 8 0 R >> >> endobj 14 0 obj << /Length 6198 >> stream BT /F6 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 315 669.84 Tm 0 0 0 rg BX /GS2 gs EX 0.028 Tc (Williams)Tj /F7 1 Tf 3.777 0 TD (,)Tj /F6 1 Tf 1.276 0 TD 0.026 Tc [(JAAVSO)-264(Volume)-265(29,)-252(2001)]TJ -23.053 0 TD 0.077 Tc (134)Tj /F7 1 Tf 1.655 -2.981 TD 0.011 Tc 0.253 Tw (In 1911, after publishing several technical articles in )Tj /F6 1 Tf 23.899 0 TD 0.252 Tw (Popular Astronomy)Tj /F7 1 Tf 8.299 0 TD (,)Tj -33.853 -1.023 TD 0 Tc 0.084 Tw (Leonard advertised the SPA to the broader audience of )Tj /F6 1 Tf 22.939 0 TD (Popular Astronomy)Tj /F7 1 Tf 7.945 0 TD [( readers)]TJ -30.884 -1.011 TD 0.058 Tw (and invited others to join. Leonard advised that the society, which consisted chiefly)Tj 0 -1.023 TD 0.128 Tw (of amateur astronomers, would also welcome professionals. The society published)Tj T* -0.001 Tc (the )Tj /F6 1 Tf 1.465 0 TD 0 Tc -0.016 Tw (Monthly Register)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.897 0 TD -0.018 Tw [( of the SPA. The officers of the SPA were Frederick)13( )-46(C. Leonard,)]TJ -8.362 -1.023 TD 0.079 Tw (President; John E. Mellish, Secretary, Horace C. Levinson, Treasurer, and Ruel W.)Tj T* -0.037 Tw (Roberts, Organizer and Lecturer. Leonard went on to describe the goals of the society:)Tj 2.375 -2.034 TD 0.024 Tw (Before closing this communication, I wish to add further that we want to)Tj 0 -1.023 TD 0.026 Tc 0.253 Tw (make this one of the strongest and largest amateur astronomical)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.046 Tw (organizations in existence, and that we invite members from all over the)Tj T* -0.001 Tw (world to join our ranks; we can make this society what we desire to make)Tj T* 0.081 Tw (it only through the help of the many amateurs who are so willing to do)Tj T* 0.102 Tw (all they can to advance Practical Astronomy, therefore, let us ask them)Tj 0 -1.011 TD 0.137 Tw (all to join this association so that their combined efforts may result in)Tj 0 -1.023 TD 0.013 Tc 0.253 Tw (promoting this sublime science to even a still greater degree than)Tj T* -0.001 Tc -0.026 Tw (formerly. \(Leonard 1911\))Tj -0.72 -2.046 TD 0 Tc 0.031 Tw (While the SPA grew slowly, the beginnings of a technical organization emerged)Tj -1.655 -1.023 TD 0.138 Tw (with sections devoted to the planets, variable stars, and other observational topics)Tj 0 -1.011 TD 0.002 Tc 0.253 Tw (as well as spectroscopy and instruments. Leonard maintained a steady flow of)Tj 0 -1.023 TD -0.001 Tc 0.092 Tw (announcements in )Tj /F6 1 Tf 7.68 0 TD 0 Tc 0.09 Tw (Popular Astronomy)Tj /F7 1 Tf 7.945 0 TD 0.093 Tw (. He was successful in attracting more adults)Tj -15.625 -1.023 TD 0.253 Tw (to the organization though many may not have suspected that the founders/co-)Tj T* 0.133 Tw (editors of the SPA journal were \223only\224 teenagers.)Tj 1.655 -1.023 TD 0.047 Tw (Two early SPA members from Maine, Russell W. Porter and Robert H. Bowen,)Tj -1.655 -1.023 TD 0.078 Tw (conceived a national SPA convention which Porter volunteered to host at his home)Tj 0 -1.011 TD -0.108 Tw (at Lands End \(Porter 1913; Porter and Bowen 1914\). Only a few individuals participated)Tj 0 -1.023 TD 0.041 Tw (in the August 1914 weekend, but the participants, including )Tj /F6 1 Tf 24.518 0 TD 0.042 Tw (Monthly Register)Tj /F7 1 Tf 6.96 0 TD [( editor)]TJ -31.478 -1.023 TD 0.126 Tw (Levinson from Chicago, enjoyed a rich experience as they shared observing notes)Tj T* -0.013 Tw (and Porter regaled them with tales of his arctic adventures as well as tips on telescope)Tj T* 0.137 Tw (making. Those assembled at Lands End voted to do the same thing the following)Tj T* 0.043 Tw [(summer. Bowen described the successful first \223International )-35(Conference\224 glowingly)]TJ 0 -1.011 TD 0.001 Tc 0.1 Tw (in the )Tj /F6 1 Tf 2.703 0 TD 0 Tc 0.105 Tw (Monthly Register)Tj /F7 1 Tf 7.023 0 TD 0.103 Tw [( \(Bowen 1914\).)]TJ -8.072 -1.023 TD 0.02 Tc 0.253 Tw (By the end of 1914, the SPA membership included several professional)Tj -1.655 -1.023 TD 0 Tc 0.174 Tw (astronomers. One of the professionals, Forrest Ray Moulton, helped organize the)Tj T* 0.19 Tw (second SPA convention in August 1915, this time on the University of Chicago)Tj T* 0.16 Tw (campus \(see Figure 1\). The second convention attracted thirty or more attendees,)Tj T* 0.037 Tw (most were adults, and featured formal paper sessions and a banquet. At this meeting)Tj 0 -1.011 TD 0.009 Tw (a new slate of officers was elected. Leonard remained an SPA director but Latimer J.)Tj 0 -1.023 TD 0.003 Tw (Wilson of Nashville, Tennessee, was elected president. Plans were made for the third)Tj T* 0.031 Tw (convention to be held in 1916 in Rochester, New York \(Maxwell 1915\).)Tj 1.655 -1.023 TD 0.121 Tw (What is crucially important about these events is that they show that the SPA)Tj -1.655 -1.023 TD 0.071 Tw (was evolving away from its status as the brainchild of two teenagers into a broader)Tj T* 0.015 Tc 0.253 Tw [(based organization. )76(Wilson had already shown his ability as serious amateur)]TJ 0 -1.011 TD 0.001 Tc (planetary observer, and would emerge in later years as one of the pioneers in)Tj 0 -1.023 TD 0 Tc 0.173 Tw (planetary photography. The new SPA treasurer, Henry W. Vrooman of Kokomo,)Tj T* 0.095 Tw (Indiana, was a variable star observer and spectroscopist and was well respected by)Tj T* 0.055 Tw (the staff at Yerkes Observatory. John E. Mellish was well known as a discoverer of)Tj T* 0.049 Tw (three comets as well as for his telescope making. Speakers at the second conference)Tj T* -0.027 Tw (included professional astronomers Mary Byrd and Charles Pollard Olivier. In )Tj 30.922 0 TD -0.014 Tc (addition)Tj -30.922 -1.011 TD 0.043 Tw (to Moulton, Byrd, and Olivier, other professional astronomers who had )Tj 28.206 0 TD -0.039 Tc 0.045 Tw (joined the ranks)Tj -28.206 -1.023 TD 0.006 Tc 0.033 Tw [(of the S)-7(P)82(A included Homer Black, E. A. Fath, and Francis P. Leavenworth. This is)]TJ T* 0.001 Tc 0.139 Tw [(admittedly )-9(not a list of the leading professional astronomers in America, but it is)]TJ ET endstream endobj 15 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F6 5 0 R /F7 6 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 8 0 R >> >> endobj 16 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Name /Im1 /Width 324 /Height 4 /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace 17 0 R /Length 1303 /Filter /LZWDecode >> stream @$ APX4B! L @ D p`0!p6xC `$! D@DK Q8R*łhRQpR0EaDP8h5 +@ $*Ip`hL q8 R Ap A 8@aQ T"2!a3!tC0$ #0<Ā$2 wXZ&Ax88 t p* x, (!$; & V(<* A3*@"0H `f`&ЀX: Bp! #&0$ؐ2,@Ġ $@(` (`BN`p^%! `dhJ8axjZ h**30< 7 H" XIƄR ` 0 nc "! ` t a r Ul(~!>@pH >0MgTJ Xx6 0 ``8 c$6H&Ho8쀶 Y@2(q:@ #."a n#2HCQ"4 sNk(` .KsAt `Xj"~PRj%hX5`0" 0A̯a^n MeV f`a a0* DtH@ J< *I ('"AB { 4ۇ@`&!00 k +`M# Om40t`@ .@=Lh @%t$` "2 "h> aP*Ъx` ,K0 b,> _ *pqڛ_jmL,C6|L>EƉ yr00"`E4\Zb0R dppR-HNY ƊW,F$2n@Te`C|[k\`Fb(#QPс(I